Work Is Calculated As Force X Distance - 1586 Words

Pg 377: Answer 1: Exerting a force does not imply that work is done. Work is calculated as Force x Distance. Work is said to be done on an object when the force on the object causes the object to move some distance. Ife the object does not move, no work is done immaterial of how much force is exerted. There are many situations when force is exerted but work is not done. For example, if you hold a piece of wood while helping in a project, effort is done to hold the wood in place, but since the force doesn’t cause the wood to move, work is not said to be done. The force has to be in the direction of motion to require work to be done. Answer 2: The formula for calculating work is: Work (J) = Force (N) x Distance (m) Thus, the amount of work done can be determined by multiplying Force with Distance. Answer 3: Here two scenarios are given. a. Force of 2N moves an object 3 meters: Here work is calculated as: W = F x D = 2N x 3m = 6 Nm (6 Joules) b. Force of 3N moves an object 2 meters: Here work is calculated as: W = F x D = 3N x 2m = 6 Nm (6 Joules) Thus, in both cases, the work done is same, i.e. 6 Joules. Answer 4: Here, we need to move 5 large cans of paint from basement to the second floor. Let us assume that the Force for lifting one can is 1N and the height of one floor is 1m. Thus, the below two scenarios are taken as: a. When all the cans are lifted and taken to second floor all at once, the calculation for work done is: W = 5N (5 cans each of 1N) x 2m (2 floors eachShow MoreRelatedCoulombs Law1608 Words   |  7 PagesPurpose The purpose of this experiment is to test Coulombs Law which states that the force between two spherically symmetric charged objects is directly proportional to the product of the charges, and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between the centers of the two charges. 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The participants were randomly assigned whether they would perform continuous or intermittent exercise following a crossover design of experimentation. The subject’s workload was calculated during experimental design and was assigned as follows: 240 W for males (3 kp X 80 rpm) and 180 W for females (2 kp X 90 rpm). The procedures for this lab are outlined below to allow replication of the experiment performed. For collection of data, 2 experimenters were needed; one timed the experiment withRead MorePotential Energy and Solution1052 Words   |  5 PagesWork and Energy Worksheet Section 1 Work: 1. A person pulls a toboggan for a distance of 35.0m along the snow. The force in the rope (tension) is 94.0N. How much work is done on the sled? Solution: W= Fd W= 94.0N x 35.0m W= 3290 Nm or J 2. The cable of a large crane applies a force of 2.2x10^4N to a demolition ball as it lifts it vertically a distance of 7.6m. a) How much work is done on the ball? b) Is the work positive or negative? Why? Solution: Read MoreAnalysis Of Coulomb s Law Defines The Force2035 Words   |  9 Pages â€Æ' Introduction Coulomb’s Law defines the Force acting upon two charged objects relative to their charge that they hold as well as the distance between them. The interaction between these two charges occur through non-contact which is prevalent over the distance between them. Vectors are most commonly used to represent the force between two charged points. Being that is a force acting upon these two charged objects the strength of the interaction between these two charges is a vector quantity (PhysicsRead MoreSome Essay1325 Words   |  6 PagesLab 3: Newton’s Second Law: The Atwood Machine Introduction: In the study of physics a lot of the basics were put in place by Isaac Newton. Out of the 3 laws of motion he had declared the second law states that force equals mass times acceleration (F=ma). The Atwood machine is a machine that has a pulley in the air and a string running through the pulley, some kind of mass is suspended by each end of the string. When the suspended masses are unequal, the system will accelerate towards the directionRead MoreHow Energy Is Conserved As It Is Converted From One Form Of Energy Essay2167 Words   |  9 Pagesobject (force sensor) and then letting it move and up and down the incline plane. Logger Pro recorded the carts velocity and displacement while the cart was in motion as well as the force felt on the sensor at the bottom of the plane during this time period. Whether or not energy was conserved was determined by calculating the energy of the cart at different points on the incline plane and comparing these different values. 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Air Pollution †Summary Free Essays

Air Pollution Summary Air pollution has adverse effects on almost everything. People, animals, the environment, and the economy are the main victims of air pollution. For people, animals and the environment the quality of the air taken in by all living things has to be clean. We will write a custom essay sample on Air Pollution – Summary or any similar topic only for you Order Now Unclean air can result in many illnesses to man, and can be especially harmful to those already suffering from asthma. Unclean air can also damage trees, crops, plants, lakes and all animals living on land or in the water. The cost to the economy is enormous: * health care for the people made sick * reduced farm crops and forests costs money in lost food and timber production The causes of air pollution are both natural and human. Human causes are: * burning of fossil fuels * emissions from all our sources of transport * electricity power plants * polluting the air by burning wood in stoves * the paint we use * aerosol sprays and most of the cleaning products we use Natural causes are: * Smoke and a gas called carbon monoxide wind erosion * pollen * Methane gas from farm animals and rotting plants * Radon gas and poisonous gasses from erupting volcanoes. We can all do our bit to reduce air pollution by using less electricity, using gas over wood or charcoal, cycling or walking rather than using cars, and to recycle as much as possible, for example, paper, plastic, glass bottles, cardboard and aluminium cans. There is strong evidence that recycling may reduce the amount of greenhouse gases released into the atmosphere. How to cite Air Pollution – Summary, Papers

Uses of Bioinformatics in the Biotechnology-Samples for Students

Question: Prepare a Report that Illustrates Some of the Uses Of Bioinformatics in the Biotechnology And/or Research Sector. Answer: Introduction to the general field of bioinformatics. Bioinformatics tools are important in fundamental research on the evolutionary theories and practical instances of the protein design. They are used in biotechnology and other aspects of biological research. Various approaches and algorithms that are used in such studies include; alignments of the structure and sequences, prediction of the secondary structure, classification of proteins and progress of protein expression in the cell cycle (Felix et al., 2005). In this essay, we shall discuss the uses of bioinformatics in biotechnology, biological sciences and medical research critically examining the general field of bioinformatics, types of data involved in bioinformatics and the applications of bioinformatics in the scientific process. Rana (2012) argues that genome sequencing and the analysis of the X-ray structure have led to enormous amounts of structures and sequences of multiple proteins into the scientific community. The information obtained from such analysis can be used in biological and medical research effectively, if one can interpret the information they provide appropriately (p.10). Two types of computational techniques can be used in the analysis of such data these include simulations of the full atoms in molecular dynamics or the bioinformatics approach (Rana, 2012, p 11). Bioinformatics is a field in biological sciences that involves statistical analysis of the structure and sequences of proteins. Moreover, it aids in the annotation of the genome, understanding its function and predict structures. Nevertheless, the process is possible when the protein sequence information is available. Bioinformatics has brought a major revolution in biological sciences with powerful tools that provide vast information. They are the most complex and powerful tools in biological sciences presently. Moleculardynamics and molecular modeling simulations study the folding and functions of proteins (Rana, 2012, p.12). According to the National Institute of Health, bioinformatics is involved in research, development and application of tools in computation to widen the medical, behavioral and biological data. In addition to that, it helps to acquire, store, organize and interpret information. Bioinformatics has been used in the Human Genome Project, which has attracted much interest from researchers and facilitated the analysis of large amounts of bio data. The data needs to be analyzed due to the advances made in molecular biology techniques (Kumar, 2015, p.2). Rana (2012) further illustrates that bioinformatics has led to important discoveries in drugs and medicine, plant sciences biology furthermore, it has helped pharmaceutical companies to save money, time and management of large biological data. In addition to that, its aims include organizing data for researchers to gain easy access to information, to develop data analysis tools and interpret information in a meaningful way. Moreover, bioinformatics provides available tools to analyze data and interpret results (p.14). Research areas in bioinformatics include genomics, proteomics, and computer aided drug design. In addition to that, research areas further include biological databases, biological data mining, microarray informatics, molecular phylogenetics, (study of an organisms at the molecular level in order to gather information on phylogenetic relationships of organisms) and agro informatics (agricultural informatics that deal with plant research) (Rana, 2012, pp. 13- 18) Types of Data in Bioinformatics. Kraulis (2001) emphasizes on the increasing nature and availability of biological data; a phenomenon has necessitated creation of databases whose sole purpose is to collect data, organize it in a form that is meaningful and ensures easy interpretation (par. 1). Databases have been classified into different forms to maintain order within the scientific process, improve accessibility to information and reduce repetitions. Moreover, in order to ease the access to data, it is important to first have the needed information and seek it from the appropriate database (Kavitha, 2012). Databases are classified according to the data that they accommodate. The types of data include one, biomolecule sequences, proteins and nucleic acids, for example, EMBL, DDJB, Genebank, PIR and Swiss-Prot. Two, bio-molecular structures with examples such as PDB. Thirdly, we have bibliographies or scientific literatures and their examples include Scopus and PubMed, these are search engines and some are free while others require subscription to access content. In addition to that, we have gene expression profiles, genetic disorders and whole genome sequences (Kavitha, 2012). The data or information has sources that are categorized into primary databases, secondary databases, composite databases and integrated databases. Primary databases have molecular data presented in its initial form. Examples of primary databases are GenBank, for sequences in nucleic acids, Protein Data Bank (PDB) for molecular structures, PIR (Protein Information Resource) and SWISS-PROT for protein sequences. They contain combinations of data such as gene sequences from mRNA or genomic DNA, genome sequences, chromosome sequences, annotated entries and partial or complete entries (Welcome Genome Campus, 2017). Secondary databases have information derived from primary data analysis and it is more useful and relevant. Furthermore, the information is structured to meet specific articulated requirements. Examples of secondary databases include UniGene and Eukaryotic Promoter Databases, which are secondary databases that are sequence based. The evolutionary and structural relationships between the known structures of proteins is described by SCOP (Structural Classification of Proteins).The hierarchical classification of structures in proteins is included in CATH (Class, Architecture, Topology, Homology) (Welcome Genome Campus, 2017). Composite databases are repertoires of secondary data and they are easier to use since they allow the user to access all information that is relevant from one source instead of connecting to multiple resources. The NCBI database (National Centre for Biotechnology Information) is one best composite databases. In addition to that, it includes many primary and secondary databases such as PubMed, Genbank, and OMIM. NCBI is a free online database for accessing gene sequences of phyla and species. The database includes gene alleles and mutations, gene sequences, protein sequences and genome pathways (Lesk, 2008). Finally, integrated databases have data from different organisms that are related. They are important for studies involving genomic relationships in organisms, they also illustrate relations in evolution within organisms. These types of investigations are important in phylogenetics since genes that allow for expression of traits of economic value can be identified in plants. For example, Arabidopsis thaliana integrated databases provide genome and transcriptome sequence data linking a Brassica species of economic value and an organism that acts as a model (Lesk, 2008). Furthermore, there are other remarkable types of databases such as SGN (Sol Genomics Networks) for organisms such as potato, tomato, eggplant and the pletunia. Legume Base for Glycine max and Lotus japonicas. Bean genes for Vigna species and Phaseoulus. Gramene databases for rice, maize, barley, wheat, oats and foxtail. Plant Transcript Assemblies Databases for several plant species. Aphid Base databases for several aphid species and SYSTOMONAS databases for biotechnology and the infection of Pseudomonads .Human Ageing Genomic Resources (HAGR) for the genetics and biology of aging in humans. FLYMINE databases for Anopheles and Drosophila genomics (Seung et al., 2006). Several databases can be merged on the basis of an organism's taxonomic identity. The merger of databases leads to formation of integrated databases. Presently, work on the analysis of the genome and transcriptome of many species has started. Consequently, the work has developed more databases that are organ specific. They include Chlamydomonas Center algae for green alga, Medicago.org for Medicago truncatula, Soybase for soybean, Oryzabase for Oryza species (rice), FLYBASE for Drosophila and OMIM for genetic disorders. They collect data obtained using various techniques used in studying plant systems which include linkage maps, microarray data, transcriptome and genome sequencing (Seung et al., 2006). Many of these databases are obtained through websites that organize the data in a way that a user can easily access it online. In addition to that, same data can be downloaded from websites in a various formats. The formats include sequence data, text links and protein structure. These formats can be found from given sources such as OMIM and PubMed that provide text formats, GenBank that provides sequence data in terms of DNA, and Uniprot in terms of protein and finally, protein structure are provided by CATH, SCOP and PDB((Lesk, 2008). Applications of bio-informatics Vaccine discovery The availability of genomic data, computing resources, technology, immunogenetics, and the better understanding of the immune process has led to vaccine research (Shanju Shangeetha, 2013). The science of reverse vaccinology and rational design of vaccines are the new indicators of vaccine development in future, the methods have been used to study peptide vaccines. The protein antigen in a viral genome that brings forth an immune response is scanned and then synthesized to a peptide vaccine; this is used in development of vaccines against various viruses such as coronavirus and influenza (Smith, 2003). Gregory (2010) states that the recent advancement in technology and bioinformatics enables computer-based approach in the development of vaccines. Over the years, peptide vaccines have promised to be effective in humans. Furthermore, advances made in proteomics have resulted in vaccinomics and reverse vaccinology as new techniques of developing vaccines (p. 510). Advances in technological and scientific tools have resulted in stronger inhibitors such as AIDS drugs for example Viracept, Aegenerase from structure based design approaches, and Relenza inhibitors made for influenza (Nandy Subhash, 2014). American Biopharmaceutical companies (2013), state that peptide vaccines have been showing good promises in relation to tertiary cancers and other diseases and there is a good response from cancer patients in regards to improved immunity (p.1). Furthermore, there is a high rising interest in peptide vaccines; the process of their design, determining the desired proteins and the protein sequences involved, this requires application of bioinformatics. Reliable and good results need the approval of molecular level data for every virus used in the vaccines, and a reliable technique that will be used in data analysis to identify the protein sequences of interests for the purpose of vaccine development (Danylo et al. 2011). Nandy Subhash (2014) investigated the use of bioinformatics in designing the human corona virus peptide vaccine. This virus (HCoV) causes infections on the upper respiratory tract and early in the century it led to a SARS outbreak (p.4), The HCoV protein had 56 strains that were presented to the Vaxi Jen 2.0 server. The protein with the highest antigenicity index was identified for analysis. The prediction of epitopes in T cell response was done. Five peptides were selected from the Net CTL 1.2 Server that predicted the presence of CTL (Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes) epitopes in the protein sequences (p.5). The epitope that was identified had an amino acid sequence of KSSTGFVYF and it interacted with several MHC 1 alleles at a higher affinity .The conservancy of B cell epitope was determined from IEBD server and its allergenicity obtained from AllerHunter tool .The epitope had a conservancy of 64.29% and a low allergenicity result. The selected peptide underwent a molecular docking analysis and the peptide was HLA-B*15: 01 which showed a good binding (Nandy Subhash, 2014, p.6). Kolaskar and Tangaokar antigenicity prediction method was used in searching for the B-cell epitope and seven regions with a high antigen scores were shown but were later reduced to three after determination of solvent accessibility by the IEDB Analysis resource. An analysis was further done with linear B cell epitopes server to analyze the epitopes of the B cell and after the analysis, the peptide GPSSQPY was concluded to have the ability to induce an immune response when used with the B cell epitopes .Therefore the vaccines could now be formulated using protein peptides information that was available ( Nandy Subhash., 2014, p.6). Pathogenesis and bioinformatics. Pathogenesis is a study of biological mechanisms that cause disease state in the body. It also describes the development and the origin of a disease and whether the disease is acute, chronic or recurrent. The mechanisms of pathogenesis are set by the course of the disease and the disease can be prevented if the underlying causes are controlled. Bioinformatics can be used to determine pathological links between the diseases and their causes and if the cause can be determined then the disease can be controlled by looking at the molecular pathology signatures of the disease ( Zhumar Malik, 2003, p.47). Pancreatic cancer is regularly a lethal disease and in its early stages, it can be difficult to diagnose .Bioinformatics approach can be used to analyze the pathogenesis of this disease by identifying causal genome which might lead to prevention of occurrence of the disease. In addition to that, bioinformatics can be used to investigate the mechanisms of disease and recognize the new and present disease targets, therefore assist in therapy (Zhao et al., 2014).The following is an outline on the use of biotechnology in pathogenesis. The data GSE 16515 has 16 normal samples and 36 tumor samples available from the GEO database. This is a database that stores and distributes freely next generation microarray and high output genomic sets of data from a wide array of biological subjects of diseases. LIMMA Package and Robust Multichip Averaging are used in screening out Differentially Expressed Genes (DEGs). Furthermore, gene ontology and analysis on the pathway enrichment are conducted the genes, which is followed by protein protein interaction (PPI) network connection, this is done by the Cytoscape and STRING. ClusterONE is used to perform module analysis (Zhao et al., 2014). Text mining based on the DEGs is conducted based on Pub Med. 93 downregulated and 274 upregulated genes are identified as the prominent DEGs, and they are found to exist significantly in the extracellular region and EM receptor pathways. In addition to this, no modules were screened in down regulated PPI networks while five were screened out from the up-regulated networks. The down-regulated genes included INS, FGF, and LAPP while up regulated genes included MET, MIA and CEA. CAMS had the highest number of inferences during the text mining analysis. The findings demonstrated that in conclusion, up and down regulated genes had an important role to play in the development of pancreatic cancers and this are the new targets for therapy of the disease (Zhao et al., 2014). Bioinformatics in medicines Bioinformatics has impacted the medical field as it helps in diagnosis of diseases and furthermore it helps physicians use the information it produces to develop strategies for therapy. According to Bala (2014), bioinformatics can be used in the diagnosis of clinical conditions for example a patients might present to a physicians with a form of hemophilia that is genetic. They might be unsure of the disease symptoms but only have a clue from the history and information given about an early occurrence of the disease in the family. The following is an outline on how the physician will use bioinformatics to diagnose the disease. The physician will use the Web to obtain information about the disease by clicking on the OMIM database, which provides information relating to various genetic disorders. A search can be put on diabetes which reveals many diseases such as the Von Willerband disease .In addition to the search gives an important information about the patient which states that the patient has a low level of anti hemophilic globulin in the disease(factor VIII). Furthermore, when factor VIII is searched on the protein sequence database it will lead to a match that encodes the factor VIII with an incomplete DNA and the equivalent protein sequence. In this study, the gene is linked to its protein and DNA sequences (Bal, 2005, p. 121). Furthermore, it is also linked to a reference set in the MEDLINE database. According to the MEDLINE literature database, there is an earlier research article which explains the association of hemophilia with factor VIII. Detailed information from Protein Information Resources SWISS-PROT database is found on the protein sequence link. A link to Protein DataBank provides information regarding to the crystal structure of the protein in a SWISS PROT database (Bal, 2005, p.121). The genes, nucleotide sequences can now be obtained coupled with records of gene irregularities by following a DNA sequence link on the GENBANK database. Therefore, the health physician can use plenty more databases to get information relating to the diseases and analyze the information, a technique that enables the physician to diagnose treatment and make further strategies regarding the therapy (Bal, 2005, p.121). Bioinformatics has emerged as a very important tool for the present day scientist, since its development, it has shown significant importance. The data is growing tremendously therefore a need for collecting the data, storing it, managing and further analyzing it so that researchers can easily access and add more entries. Bioinformatics is a very important tool especially in drug discovery, biotechnology and medical science. The essay has illustrated a specific use of bioinformatics in designing vaccines and analyzing the pathogenesis of pancreatic cancer. Furthermore, it has shown the use of bioinformatics in therapy and diagnosing diseases. References American Biopharmaceutical Companies. (2013) Medicine in Development. Retrieved on 17th August, 2017, from www.pharma.org Bal, H. (2005). Bioinformatics Principles and applications. India: Mc Graw Hill 119- 32. Bala, M. P., (2014). Applications of bioinformatics; Retrieved on 17th August 2017, from www.biotecharticles.com Danylo, S. Fransisco, D., Ashko, K. (2011) . Innovative bioinformatics approach for developing peptide-based vaccines against hyper variable viruses. Australia Society of Immunology, 89, 81-89. Retrieved on 17th August 2017 from https:// www.nature.com.isb Felix, A., Barry, T., Annuray S. (2005). Bioinformatics and Sequence Alignment. San Fransisco: LulleySchulten Group, Gregory, A. (2010). Vaccinomics and bioinformatics; Accelerating for the next golden of vaccinology. Vaccine, 28, 3509 3510. Retrieved on 16th August 2017, from www.elsevier.com/locate/vaccine. Kavitha, R. (2012). Databases in bioinformatics, Mumbai: SRM University Press, Kraulis, P. (2001). Databases in bioinformatics. Retrieved on 18th August 2017 from avatar.se/lectures/strbio2001/databases/index.html. Kumar, R. (2015). Role of Bioinformatics in Various aspects of Biological Research; A mini review. Research Journal of Biology, 3(2), 1-20. Lesk, A., (2008). Introduction to Bioinformatics (3rd Ed.) New Jersey: Wiley Blackwell. Nandy, A. Subhash, C. (2016). A brief overview of computer Assisted Approaches in Rational Design of Peptide Vaccines. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 17(666), 1-111. doi: 10:3390/ijms/7050666. Ran, S. (2012). Bioinformatics. Tools and Applications (3rd ed.). Dehradun: Charu Printers. Seung, Y., Julie, D., Dong, A., (2006) Bioinformatics and is applications in plant biology. Annual Review of plant biology, 1-29. doi : 101146/annuner.arplant.56.032604.144103. Shanju, S Sangeetha, K. (2013). Current trends in cancer Vaccines; A bioinformatics perspective. Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention 14, 1-29. doi: https:// dx.doi.org/10.7314/APJCP.2013.147.4041 Smith, D. J. (2003). Applications of bioinformatics to influenza surveillance and vaccine strain selection, 21(16), 17580 61. Retrieved on 16th August 2017 from https:// www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/m/pubmed/126090. Wellcome Genome Campus (2017). Bioinformatics for the relational databases; Primary and Secondary databases. Retrieved from on 17th August 2016 from www.ebi.ac.uk/training/online/course/bioinformatics. Zhao, L. Zhang, T., Zhuang, L., Yan, B., Wang, R.F., Liu, B. (2014). Uncovering thee pathogenesis and identifying the novel targets of pancreatic cancer using bioinformatics approach. International Journal of Molecular and Cellular Biology, 41(7), 4697-4704. Zhumar, G. Mallik, B. (2003). Principles and applications of bioinformatics. London: Oxford University Press.

Serratia Marcescens Lab Report Essay Example

Serratia Marcescens Lab Report Paper In bacteria, temperature, pH, and other chemical agents a II affect the expression of genes. In this lab, the effect of temperature change on the gene which codes for a red pigment called prognosis of bacterium Seer TIA mercenaries is being tested. Seriate mercenaries is usually found in OSI I and plants, and the accumulation of prognosis in the bacterial cells makes them appear red. Prognosis is produced only at certain temperatures, so b y regulating the temperature in which Seriate mercenaries is cultured, the optimum temperature for the most prognosis to be produced can be tested. Purpose The purpose of this lab is to observe the effect of temperature c anger on the production of the pigment prognosis by the back terbium Seriate mercenaries, and also to determine whether previous culture conditions affect gene expression. Hypothesis If the bacteria is cultured in 27 , then it will produce more prognosis than the bacteria cultured in 37 Regardless of the first culture conditions, the bacteria recaptured in 27 co will produce more prognosis than the bacteria recaptured in 37 Materials see attached lab, materials, page 25 Independent Variable: Temperature (in Celsius) Dependent Variable: Amount of prognosis produced Methods/Procedures see attached lab, procedures, page 2527 Data see attached lab, data, page 25, 26 Analysis 1. You should label the bottom off Petri dish instead of the top because this way, the lids will not accidentally be sit ached. We will write a custom essay sample on Serratia Marcescens Lab Report specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Serratia Marcescens Lab Report specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Serratia Marcescens Lab Report specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer It is also easier to read the label if it is on the bottom, because the Petri dishes will be put into the incubator upside down to minimize condensation. 2. You must not touch a non sterile surface with the applicant or tip before obtaining the innocuous from the stock culture because the applicator tip might become contaminated, which would compromise the experiment. 3. You should lift the lid of the Petri dish only 23 CM rather t Han remove it completely in order to keep as little of any thing other than the bacteria from contaminating or getting into the Petri dish. . If I cultured two samples of bacteria and grew them at 32 co , I predict that the samples will produce less prognosis (be less red) than the bacteria cultured in 27 co , but produce more prognosis (be more red) than the bacteria cultured in 37 co 5. If the new cultured were grown at 37 for 8 hours, then at 27 for 24 hours, I predict hat the bacteria will produce prognosis (be red) because according to the data, the c onditions of the recapture have more of an effect on the production of prognosis than the conditions of the initial culture. . The temperature at which the bacteria were originally re cultured has more effect on the production of prognosis t Han the temperature at which the bacteria were originally cultured. Both samples recaptured in 27 were red, meaning that they produced prognosis, regardless of their initial culture c notations, while both samples recaptured at 37 ere white, signifying the absence of prognosis production, also regardless of their original culture conditions. 7. Prognosis is not only a pigment; it is also an antibiotic. Its function may be to kill other microorganisms which might be harmful to the Seriate mercenaries that live in the same temperature range. 8. An advantage of the temperature sensitivity of prognosis proud action might be that the bacteria would only produce it when needed d. The ability to control the production of prognosis according to temperature helps the bacteria to synthesize the pigment helps it o not produce excess prognosis when it is not needed. Conclusion My hypothesis, which was that the bacteria cultured in 27 co will produce more prognosis than the bacteria cultured in 37 , and also that the bacteria recaptured in 27 (regardless of the original culture conditions) will produce more p Rodings than the bacteria recaptured in 37 (also regardless of the original culture condition s), was supported. The S. Mercenaries cultured in 27 turned red, indicating the production of pro disposing, while the S. Mercenaries cultured in remained white, indicating that no prognosis was synthesized.

World Trade Organization Regulations

World Trade Organization Regulations Overview World trade organization (WTO) was established in 1995 for the purpose of overseeing international trade. It has 153 members and its headquarters are in Geneva, Switzerland. WTO members use three official languages: French, English, and Spanish. It replaced the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade which was in force since 1947.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on World Trade Organization Regulations specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It regulates trade between the trading countries and forms a basis for negations and formation of trade agreements. It resolves dispute between the trading nations by ensuring their compliance to the WTO‘s agreement. These agreements are usually signed by the representatives of the different countries whereas the parliament ratifies them (World Trade Organization 2010). WTO is the sole (international) association known to incorporate rules (trade) among nations. It was in troduced for the purpose of assisting producers in the productions of goods and services to be traded across borders. It also assists importers and exporters in carrying out their businesses. WTO is headed by a ministerial conference that converges after every two years to discuss crucial issues concerning international trade. The first ministerial conference was held in 1996 at Singapore and since then the organization has been holding subsequent meetings. During the first conference, many contradicting issues were raised some of which have not been solved up to date. WTO is administered through a general council, which implements made decisions. Doha Development Agenda This is a trade negotiation that was commenced in 2001 with the aim of boosting participation by third word countries. This has received disagreements from countries which rely on export from agricultural products in a bid to protect their farmers from heavy imports. At the moment the future of this Agenda is not cl ear. The Doha agenda has been discussed in subsequent conferences but it is yet to receive recognition by majority of the members. If this happens, poor nations will be able to participate in the global market where they have been faced out. Doha agenda aims at protecting these poor nations from exploitation by the developed nations. It aims at abolishing all trade barriers imposed on the poor nations as a way of encouraging them to participate in the global market. WTO and Globalization Today almost all nations depend on the global economy. Governments are finding it difficult to respond to their domestic issues as their used to do. WTO influences the performance of member countries and puts restrictions on the use of their monetary policies. These governments have to rely on the international monetary fund for regulations.Advertising Looking for term paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Poo r nations are becoming poorer day in day out because of the low comparative advantage they have in the international trade. They have to rely on the World Bank for aids and grants for development. For this reason, the Doha Development Agenda was proposed but it has to yet been accepted. Unless it is accepted, the poor nationals will continue to suffer at the expense of the rich nations which have developed economies and comparative advantage in terms of trade. The fundamental purpose of WTO is to help developing, least developed and poor nations. It gives them trade assistance and helps them to adjust to the rules of WTO regarding trade policies. As we have earlier, WTO is the only international organization that has rules restricting the conduct of member countries. For instance, member countries are required to publish their trade regulations and to abide by them. WTO is propagating trade and industrial standardization of products, market access, and national treatment for all the products and services produced either within or outside any member countries. Electronic Commerce Electronic commerce is a new area in global trade that involves trading of goods and services across borders electronically. It is the use of telecommunication networks to produce, advertise, or sell goods and services. With the advancement in technology, electronic commerce has been growing drastically calling for the attention of WTO. In 1998, WTO members adopted a declaration on global electronic commerce during a conference held at Geneva (World Trade Organization 2010). According to the declaration, the general council was required to set up an inclusive work program that would be used to scrutinize all electronic commerce trade issues and present a report at WTO’s conference. The declaration also incorporated a cessation that required all WTO members to abolish any customs duties imposed on all electronic transmission. The work program was later adopted at the third confer ence held at Seattle in 1999. At the fourth WTO conference that was held in Doha, members decided to carry on with the work program and to continue the practice of not imposing custom duties on electronic commerce. After wards, members engaged in various conferences where they could discuss in depth the crucial issues that would affect growth and development of e-commerce. Such issues included competition among others. The WTO’s general council main agenda include working on the relationship between trade, finance, and debt among the member countries (World Trade Organization 2010). It works to strengthen international trade especially e-commerce since it is easy and consumes a less period of time to finish a transaction. The council is working to solve the problem of indebtedness in the less developed countries.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on World Trade Organization Regulations specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn Mor e Reference List World Trade Organization (2010). Electronic commerce. Retrieved from https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/ecom_e/ecom_e.htm

How to Find the Best Private Student Loans 4 Tips

How to Find the Best Private Student Loans 4 Tips SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Most students who go to college have to take out loans to afford the cost of attendance. Private student loans can be a good option for you if you need more money to cover your college costs. However, which private loans are the best ones? When should you decide to take out a private loan? In this article, I'll thoroughly explain the different types of loans and the most important factors to consider when getting a private loan. What Are Private Student Loans? There are two primary types of student loans: federal and private. Federal loans are funded by the federal government, and private loans are made by a lender such as a bank, credit union, state agency, or a school. The lender will give you money, and you’ll have to pay back the loan amount (principal) plus interest. Private Student Loans Should Be Your Last Option Generally, private loans are the worst way to pay for your education. First, before considering private loans, you should try to get grants and scholarships. You don’t have to pay back grants and scholarships. Essentially, you’re being given free money to finance your college education. You can’t beat that. If there’s a gap in how much your college costs and how much you can afford after accounting for grants and scholarships, then you should consider a federal loan. Federal loans can be subsidized or unsubsidized. Subsidized loans are preferable because the federal government will pay the interest on your loan while you’re in school. To qualify for most need-based financial aid, including federal loans and many grants and scholarships, you have to complete a FAFSA, the Free Application for Federal Student Aid. Here’s a thorough breakdown of the financial aid process. If you don’t get enough scholarship and federal loan money to cover the cost of your education, then you can consider getting a private loan. Why Are Federal Loans Better Than Private Loans? Here are the major reasons why federal loans tend to be better than private loans. Lower Interest Rates Often, federal loans have lower interest rates, so the total amount of money you’ll have to pay back will be lower. Some private loans have lower interest rates, but these rates might be variable, which means they can change over time. Eventually, the rates on these loans may be higher. More Flexible Repayment Plans Also, repayment plans tend to be more flexible with federal loans. Your required payments may be more proportional to your income. If you get a job with a low salary when you graduate from college, you’ll have a lower minimum loan payment. More Likely to Offer Deferment Federal loans are more likely to offer deferment. During a period of financial hardship, you won’t have to make loan payments and interest won’t accrue. Many private lenders don’t offer deferment. Loan Forgiveness Federal loans offer loan forgiveness. You can reduce the amount you have to pay back on your federal student loans by pursuing certain public service jobs like teaching, joining the military, volunteering, or moving to certain areas. If you become a teacher, you can get some loan forgiveness. How Do You Find Private Loans? If you find yourself in need of a private student loan, where do you turn? Because there are a ton of private student loans out there, an easy solution is to turn to sites like ElmSelect, Credible, or simpletuition where you can enter basic information and compare loans that match your search criteria. Also, universities often have a list of private lenders that will disburse your loan payments right into your student account. Furthermore, you can start your search with the more well-known lenders. Sallie Mae is probably the most well-known lender of student loans. Some of the other big lenders include Wells Fargo, PNC, and Discover. Finally, you can just look up private student loans online and wade through the sea of options, but that’s probably less efficient than using a loan comparison site. How Do You Find the Best Private Student Loans? Unfortunately, the best private student loans are dependent on a number of factors including your college, how much you have to borrow, and your creditworthiness (or your cosigner’s). Generally, you won’t get the definitive terms like the interest rates on your loans until you apply. However, here are some tips to follow to get the best private student loan for you. Compare Many Options Like anything else you buy, you’re most likely to find the best deal by shopping around. Compare rates from different lenders and try to determine how much money you’ll have to pay back. Keep in mind that you won’t know how much money you’ll have to pay back if you opt for a loan with a variable rate because the interest rate can change. Often, loans with low variable rates will end up costing more than loans with a higher fixed rate. You can use tools like the Loan Analyzer from FinAid to determine the quality of different loans. Shop around to find the best private loans. Get Your Credit Right Typically, lenders will offer lower interest rates to those who have excellent credit. If you anticipate that you’ll have to apply for a private student loan, work on getting your credit as good as possible. Because most students have limited or no credit history, you may need a cosigner who hopefully has good credit to get the best interest rate available. If you anticipate needing a cosigner (probably a parent), get that person to agree to cosign for your loan and make sure she is doing everything possible to improve or maintain her credit. There’s More to Consider Than Just Interest Rates Beyond interest rates, you need to consider the fees associated with loans. Some loans have origination fees, which are fees charged by the lender for processing the loan. Also, you want to consider how flexible the repayment plan is and if you’re able to defer payments. Moreover, how long is the grace period before you have to start paying back your loan? Are there any borrower rewards? Sometimes, you can lower interest rates on loans for setting up automatic withdrawal, paying on time, or getting good grades. You may also get a rate discount if you take a loan from a bank or credit union where you’re a member. Apply for Multiple Loans Before you apply for loans, you’ll be given a range of possible interest rates, but you won’t know the exact rate until after you apply. For example, here’s the information for a $10,000 PNC loan I found on SimpleTuition for a hypothetical Stanford student from the class of 2020. As you can see, the interest rate for the PNC loan ranges from 3.62% to 9.85%. This is a huge difference. The total cost of the loan with the highest rate is almost double that of the loan with the lowest rate. You won’t know the exact terms of the loan and interest rate until after you apply. The interest rate will be determined based on the amount you’re borrowing, your or your cosigner’s credit history, and whether you choose a fixed or variable rate. Final Advice If you want some specific ideas forthe best private student loans, you can check out this list of the top 17 best-rated student loans by Consumer Affairs.Keep in mind that this list includes federal loans. If you read the reviews, you’ll realize that very few people seem to be happy with their student loans. Try to minimize your private student loans. Private loans can be tempting because they’re easy to apply for, and you can often borrow as much as you want to pay for your educational expenses. However, remember that private loans should be a last resort. You don’t want to burden yourself with extremely high debt that you’re going to have to pay off for the next 20-30 years. I know people in their 40’s who are still paying off their loans. Also, remember that you won’t be able to accurately compare loans until after you apply. Lenders will often advertise their most attractive terms, but you may come to find out that you're only eligible for a much less favorable interest rate. If you’re a US citizen or permanent resident and you need financial aid to attend college,make sure you fill out the FAFSA and submit it by the deadline. The FAFSA is used to determine your eligibility for federal aid, and many states and colleges use it to determine how much state aid or institution-based aid to give you. Get good grades and high test scores. You can reduce the amount you’ll have to take out in private loans by getting merit scholarships. You don’t have much control over how much need-based aid you’re eligible for, but you can get more scholarship money by excelling academically. Many colleges and organizations offer merit scholarships for outstanding students. Additionally, the most selective schools usually offer the best financial aid. If you’re able to get into one of these schools, you may get enough aid to cover your cost of education without having to take out private loans. Apply for scholarships: the more, the better. So many students don’t apply for scholarships just because they don’t want to spend time writing essays or filling out applications. However, depending on your situation, you may be eligible for a number of great scholarships that will help you avoid taking out private loans. Because some scholarships are highly competitive, you'll increase your chances of getting scholarship money by applying for more scholarships. What's Next? If you're looking for scholarship money, check out our expert guide on how to find scholarships. If you're specifically hoping for a merit scholarship, read our guide to getting one. Finally, learn the best ways to save for college. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points?We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

The Health Protection Scheme Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

The Health Protection Scheme - Essay Example As the essay states Hong Kong has had private health insurance for many decades in various forms. In 2009, about four million policies covered two million individuals and over 1.5 million groups. This was representative of 34% of HK’s population being privately insured. The number of people buying private insurance has gone up in the past four years. Private health insurance has contributed 12% of HK’s financing in health care between 1998 and 2009, while it has continued to grow at 9% every year with regards to total health expenditure share during the same period. In 2010, hospitals in the private sector spent a quarter of their entire expenditure on caring for inpatients, of which at least half was covered by insurance from the private sector. According to the research findings the Food and Health Bureau, through a study on private health insurance, outlined various challenges and inadequacies that insurers, providers, and consumers were confronted with, particularly in the private health insurance sector. This led to proposals on the health protection scheme, which sought to address several issue. With regards to the insurers, it sought to address rising and non-transparent medical fees, unnecessary admissions and moral hazards because of investigations, non-disclosure and anti-selection when underwriting, and the challenge of public insurance that was dimming attractiveness for private health insurance.... Despite these statistics, the Food and Health Bureau, through a study on private health insurance, outlined various challenges and inadequacies that insurers, providers, and consumers were confronted with, particularly in the private health insurance sector (Gauld & Gould, 2012). This led to proposals on the health protection scheme, which sought to address several issue. With regards to the insurers, it sought to address rising and non-transparent medical fees, unnecessary admissions and moral hazards because of investigations, non-disclosure and anti-selection when underwriting, and the challenge of public insurance that was dimming attractiveness for private health insurance (Dembe & Boden, 2000). For consumers, it sought to address uncertainty of charges and coverage and lack of quality assurance and medical fees that were non-transparent. Finally, it sought to address coverage of procedures for outpatients and inadequate coverage for private doctors and hospitals (Shek, 2012). A rgument for Health Protection Scheme One area that the HPS will help the situation is in financing, particularly with two tiers in the HK health system, i.e. public and private. The private sector mainly gets its funds from private sources like out-of-pocket payments and private insurance. In contrast, the public health insurance sector gets heavy subsidies from the Hong Kong government that come from taxes (Wong et al, 2011). While the HK government spends relatively less compared to countries from the west, the expenditure trend has been increasing. The health protection scheme has proposed to improve controls on expenditure through inclusion of voluntary participation in premiums by individuals. The government is encouraging HK citizens to join the scheme to enjoy